Cardiac Hypertrophy: from Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Heart Failure Development

Cardiac hypertrophy develops in response to increased workload reduce ventricular wall stress and maintain function efficiency. Pathological can be adaptive at the beginning. However, if stimulus persists, it may progress chamber dilatation, contractile dysfunction, heart failure, resulting poorer outcome social burden. The main pathophysiological mechanisms of pathological are cell death, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysregulation Ca2+-handling proteins, metabolic changes, fetal gene expression reactivation, impaired protein quality control, altered sarcomere structure, inadequate angiogenesis. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a condition which cardiac mainly develop due insulin resistance subsequent hyperglycaemia, associated with fatty acid metabolism, calcium homeostasis inflammation. In this review, we summarize underlying molecular development progression, applied future novel therapeutic strategies both reversal prevention.